Unit - I Introduction to Measurement [Marks 12] 1.1 Types of measurement, Classification of instruments, Static terms and characteristics - Range and Span, Accuracy and Precision, Reliability, Calibration, Hysteresis and Dead zone, Drift, Sensitivity, Threshold and Resolution, Repeatability and Reproducibility, Linearity. Dynamic characteristics - Speed of response, Fidelity and Dynamic errors, Overshoot. l.2 Measurement of error - Classification of errors, environmental errors, signal transmission errors, observation errors, operational errors. 1.3 Classification of transducers, active and passive, contact non contact, mechanical electrical, analog digital. Unit - II Displacement, Force and Torque Measurement [Marks 12] 2.1 Specification, selection and application of displacement transducer. Capacitive transducer, Potentiometer, LVDT, RVDT. 2.2 Force Measurement System - characteristic of force measurement, creep curve for force transducer. 2.3 Force and Load Sensors - Types of Load cell, load cell applications, construction and working of Quartz force sensor, Force rings 2.4 Torque Measurement - Inline and Reaction Torque measurement 2.5 Torque sensors - construction and working of Slip ring, Rotary Transformer, Infrared sensor, FM Transmitter. 2.6 Dynamometers - construction and working of Transmission dynamometer, absorption dynamometer, Eddy current Dynamometer. Unit - III Pressure and Temperature Measurement [Marks 12] 3.1 Pressure Measurement - Low pressure gauges - McLeod Gauge, Thermal conductivity gauge, Ionization gauge, Thermocouple vacuum gauge, Pirani gauge, High Pressure gauge - Diaphragm, Bellows, Bourden tube, Electrical resistance type, Photoelectric pressure Transducers, piezoelectric type. 3.2 Non - electrical methods - Bimetal, Liquid in glass thermometer and Pressure thermometer. 3.3 Electrical methods - RTD, Platinum resistance thermometer, Thermistor, Thermoelectric methods - elements of thermocouple, Seebeck series, law of intermediate temperature, law of intermediate metals, thermo emf measurement. 3.4 Pyrometers - Working and Principle of Radiation and Optical Pyrometer. Unit - IV Flow Measurement [Marks 12] 4.1 Types of flow meter, Selection criteria for flow meter, classification. 4.2 Flow meters - application and construction of Orifice, venture tube, segmental wedges, pilot tube, Dall Tube. 4.3 Variable area Meter - construction, working and principle of Rota meter, anemometer. 4.4 Positive Displacement Flow meter - construction, advantages and disadvantages of Coriolis flow meter, Oscillating piston flow meter, Rotating vane flow meter. 4.5 Ultrasonic flow meter - application and construction of Doppler and Transit time ultrasonic flow meter. Unit - V Vibration and Strain Measurement [Marks 10] 5.1 Concept of natural frequency, free body diagram and spring mass system. 5.2 Vibration measurement element - principle and working of velocity pickup, Accelerometer, Inductive Pick Up, Capacitive Pick Up, Stroboscope. 5.3 Introduction to FFT Analyzer, working and application. 5.4 Types of Strain gauges - bonded and unbounded, gauge factor, strain gauge selection criteria. 5.5 Methods of strain measurement - Axial, bending, Torsional. 5.6 Construction of foil, semiconductor and wire wound strain gauge. Unit - VI Miscellaneous Measurement Sound, speed and humidity measurements [Marks 12] 6.1 Sound measurement, principle of Electro dynamic microphone and Carbon microphone. 6.2 Speed measurement - working and principle of Eddy current generation type tachometer, incremental and absolute type, Mechanical Tachometers, Revolution counter and timer, stipping clutch tachometer, Electrical tachometers, Contact less Electrical tachometer. 6.3 Humidity measurement - working and principle of Hair hygrometer, Sling psychomotor.