This book grew out of many conversations over research collaborations between a spine surgeon and an orthopedic scientist. As the dialogue continued, it became apparent that a resource, such as the one that we have compiled here, that surveys the current state-of-the-art knowledge in spinal diseases and treatments, would be of tremendous benefit to us. We hope that the readers would find this text to be equally valuable in their own academic endeavors. Critical to the adaptation and widespread clinical implementation of these treatments and therapies is a deep understanding of the theories and science behind disease mechanisms of spinal disorders and their treatments. Basic Science of Spinal Diseases represents the work of numerous international and national surgeons who have performed translational research, as well as basic science investigators who are authorities in physiology, biology, biomechanics, mechanobiology, and beyond. It is expected that this book will provide the foundation in knowledge for any individual who is interested in developing new solutions for spinal disorders. Chapters have also been included that discuss the patent process as well as the regulatory pathway for individuals who would like to further their ideas.