Switchgear and Protection [403147] Unit - 1: Fundamentals of Protective Relaying Need for protective system, nature and causes of fault, types of faults, effects of faults, evolution of protective relaying, classification of relays, zones of protection, primary and backup protection, essential qualities of protective relaying. Trip circuit of circuit breaker, zone of protection. Various basic operating principles of protection- over current, (current graded and time graded), directional over current, differential, distance, induction type relay, torque equation in induction type relay, current and time setting in induction relay, Numericals on TSM, PSM and operating time of relay (Chapter-1) Unit - 2 : Fundamentals of Arc Interruption Ionization of gases, deionization, Electric arc formation, Current interruption in AC circuit breaker, high and low resistance principles, arc interruption theories, arc voltage, recovery voltage, derivation and definition of restriking voltage and RRRV, current chopping, interruption of capacitive current, resistance switching, Numerical on RRRV, current chopping and resistance switching. (Chapter-2) Unit - 3 : Circuit Breaker Different ratings of circuit breaker (like rated voltage, rated current, rated frequency, rated breaking capacity - symmetrical and unsymmetrical breaking, making capacity, rated interrupting duties, rated operating sequence, short time rating). Classification of high voltage circuit breaker. Working and constructional features of ACB, S VCB - advantages, disadvantages and applications. Auto reclosing. (Chapter-3) Unit - 4 : A) Static and Digital Relaying Overview of Static relay, block diagram, operating principal, merits and demerits of static relay. Numerical Relays : Introduction and block diagram of numerical relay, Sampling theorem, Anti - Aliasing Filter, Block diagram of PMU. B) 3 Phase Induction Motor Protection Abnormal conditions and causes of failures in 3 phase Induction motor, single phasing protection, Overload protection, Short circuit protection. (Chapters-4, 5) Unit - 5 : A) Transformer Protection Types of faults in transformer, Percentage differential protection in transformers, Restricted E/F protection, incipient faults, Buchholz relay, protection against over fluxing, protection against inrush current, B) Alternator Protection Various faults in Alternator, abnormal operating conditions - stator faults, longitudinal percentage differential scheme and transverse percentage differential scheme. Rotor faults - abnormal operating conditions, inter turn fault, unbalance loading, over speeding, loss of excitation, protection against loss of excitation using offset Mho relay, loss of prime mover. (Chapter-6) Unit - 6 : Transmission Line Protection Over current protection for feeder using directional and non directional over current relays, Introduction to distance protection, impedance relay, reactance relay, mho relay and Quadrilateral Relays, Introduction to PLCC, block diagram, advantages, disadvantages, three stepped distance protection, Effect of arc resistance and power swing on performance of distance relay. Realization of distance relays (impedance, reactance and mho relay) using numerical relaying algorithm (flowchart, block diagram), Introduction to Wide Area Measurement (WAM) system. (Chapter-7)