This textbook is precisely written as per the syllabus of Indian Nursing Council for BSc Nursing program. Simple and lucid content on the current concepts and principles of pharmacology, pathology and genetics. Applied, user-friendly and self-explanatory textbook. An example-oriented book, transforms the knowledge of pharmacology, pathology and genetics into nursing practices. Highly illustrated to facilitate quick review and recall important concepts. Authentic content reviewed by a panel of experts. Contents Volume 1: PHARMACOLOGY Introduction to Pharmacology 5 Introduction Terms and Definitions Sources of Drugs Systems of Measurement Calculations of Doses 9 Forms of Drugs 9 Routes of Drug Administration 10 Pharmacokinetics 14 Pharmacodynamics 17 Indian Pharmacopeia (IP) 21 Drug Laws 21 Schedules of Drugs 22 Rational Use of Drugs 23 Chemotherapy 25 Introduction 25 Classification of Antimicrobials 25 Characteristics of Ideal Antimicrobial Drug 27 Basic Pharmacodynamics of Antimicrobial Drugs 27 Antimicrobial Drug Interactions and Drug Combination 29 Bacterial Susceptibility and Sensitivity to Antibiotics 30 Antimicrobial Resistance 30 Types of Antimicrobial Therapy 31 Factors Affecting Antimicrobial Selection 32 Rational use of Drug/Principle of Antimicrobial Therapy 35 Problems that Arise with the use of Antimicrobials 36 Causes for Failure of Chemotherapy 36 Superinfection 37 Chemoprophylaxis 37 Probiotics 38 xviii Textbook of Pharmacology, Pathology and Genetics for Nurses General Nursing Implications while using Antimicrobials 38 Beta-Lactams and b-Lactam Related Agents 39 Sulfonamides 54 Quinolones 58 Tetracycline 61 Chloramphenicol 64 Aminoglycoside 66 Macrolide Antibiotics 69 Glycopeptide Antibiotic: Vancomycin 71 Oxazolidinone 73 Lincosamide Antibiotic: Clindamycin 75 Polypeptides 76 Urinary Antiseptics 78 Antimalarial Drugs 79 Antihelminthic Drugs 84 Antiscabies Agents 87 Antiviral Drugs 89 Antifungal Drugs 98 Antituberculosis Drugs 103 Antileprosy Drugs 112 Anticancer Drugs 116 Composition, Action, Dosage, Route, Indications, Contraindications, Drug Interactions, Side Effects, Adverse Effects Toxicity and Role of Nurse 3. Antiseptics, Disinfectants and Insecticides 123 Introduction 123 Antiseptics and Disinfectants 123 Commonly used Antiseptics And Disinfectants 127 Phenol and Others 130 Composition, Action, Dosage, Route, Indications, Contraindications, Drug Interactions, Side Effects, Adverse Effects Toxicity and Role of Nurse 4. Drugs Acing on Gastrointestinal System 132 Antacids 132 Histamine Type 2 (H2) Antagonists 134 Proton Pump Inhibitors 137 Mucosal Protective Agents 139 Prostaglandin Analog 141 Contents xix Anticholinergics/Antimuscarinic 142 Antimicrobial Agents (Anti-Helicobacter Pylori Drugs) 143 Emetics 145 Antiemetics 146 Antidiarrheal Drugs 150 Newer Strategies to Control Diarrhea 155 Purgatives 156 Fluids and Electrolytes 159 Composition, Action, Dosage, Route, Indications, Contraindications, Drug Interactions, Side Effects, Adverse Effects Toxicity and Role of Nurse 5. Drugs used on Respiratory System 161 Antiasthmatics 161 Bronchodilators 161 Mast Cell Stabilizers 170 Leukotriene Antagonists 172 Corticosteroids 174 Anti-Ige Antibody 179 Mucolytics 180 Nasal Decongestants 186 Expectorant 188 Antitussives 190 Bronchoconstrictors 196 Antihistamines 200 Composition, Action, Dosage, Route, Indications, Contraindications, Drug Interactions, Side Effects, Adverse Effects Toxicity and Role of Nurse 6. Drugs used on Urinary System 206 Diuretics 206 Antidiuretics 213 Urinary Antiseptics 218 Acidifiers 220 Alkalinizers 223 Composition, Action, Dosage, Route, Indications, Contraindications, Drug Interactions, Side Effects, Adverse Effects Toxicity and Role of Nurse 7. Miscellaneous Drugs 227 Drugs used in De-Addiction 227 Drugs used in Emergencies 228 xx Textbook of Pharmacology, Pathology and Genetics for Nurses Vitamins 231 Minerals 235 Immunosuppressants 237 Immunestimulants 239 Vaccines and Sera 240 Management of Common Poisoning 243 Treatment of Snake Bite 248 Food Poisoning 249 Vaccines and Sera (Immunization Schedules, General Principles of Treatment of Poisoning, Antidotes, Treatment of Snake Bite Poisoning and Antivenom) 8. Drugs used on Skin and Mucous Membranes 252 Emollients 252 Demulcents 252 Adsorbants and Protectives 252 Caustics and Escharotics 252 Astringents 253 Counter-Irritants 253 Keratolytics 253 Antiseborrheics 253 Melanizing Agents 253 Drugs for Acnevulgaris 254 Nursing Responsibilities 255 Composition, Action, Dosage, Route, Indications, Contraindications, Drug Interactions, Side Effects, Adverse Effects Toxicity and Role of Nurse 9. Drugs Acting on Nervous System 256 Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs and Anti Pyretic–Analgesics 256 Non-Selective Cox Inhibitors 257 Preferential Cox-2 Inhibitors 260 Selective Cox Inhibitors 261 Analgesic-Antipyretics with Poor Anti-Inflammatory Action 261 Opioid Analgesics 262 Sedative-Hypnotics 265 Anesthesia 268 General Anesthesia 268 Local Anesthetics 273 Cholinergic Drugs 277 Contents xxi Indirect Acting Cholinergic Drugs 277 Guanidine 281 Cholinergic Drugs used in Gi System and Urinary System 282 Anticholinergics 283 Natural Alkaloids 286 Semisynthetic Alkaloids 287 Synthetic Alkaloids 288 Muscle Relaxants 290 Peripherally Acting Muscle Relaxants 290 Centrally Acting Muscle Relaxants 297 Antipsychotics 299 Antidepressants 307 Antianxiety Drugs 313 Anticonvulsants 320 Adrenergic Drugs 326 Nasal Decongestants 329 Bronchodilator 330 Smooth Muscle Relaxants 331 Cns Stimulants 331 Mood Stabilizers 332 Stimulants 336 Antiparkinsoniam Drugs 358 Composition, Action, Dosage, Route, Indications, Contraindications, Drug Interactions, Side Effects, Adverse Effects Toxicity and Role of Nurse 10. Cardiovascular Drugs 362 Haematinics 362 Iron 362 Vitamin B12 369 Folic Acid 372 Cardiac Glycosides 374 Drugs used in Angina Pectoris 378 Antiarrhythmic Drugs 383 Antihypertensive Drugs 392 Diuretics 393 Calcium Channel Blockers 399 Sympatholytic Drugs 401 xxii Textbook of Pharmacology, Pathology and Genetics for Nurses Ace Inhibitors 412 Angiotensin–II Antagonist 414 Renin Inhibitors 416 Vasodilators 416 Nitrates 421 Coagulants 425 Anticoagulants 427 Hypolipidemics 436 Antiplatelets 440 Thrombolytic (Fibrinolytics) 448 Plasma Expanders 452 Composition, Action, Dosage, Route, Indications, Contraindications, Drug Interactions, Side Effects, Adverse Effects Toxicity and Role of Nurse 11. Drugs used for Hormonal, Disorders and Supplementation, Contraception and Medical Termination of Pregnancy 460 Hormone 460 Hypoglycemic Agents 462 Insulin 463 Oral Hypoglycemic Agents 471 Thyroid Drugs 478 Thyroid Inhibitors 480 Steroids 483 Adrenal Steroid Inhibitor 490 Anabolic Steroids 491 Uterine Stimulants and Relaxants 493 Oxytocin 493 Ergot Derivatives 496 Prostaglandins 498 Uterine Relaxants (Tocolytics) 501 Magnesium Sulfate 503 Hormonal Contraceptives 503 Estrogen and Progestrone 510 Gonadotropins 519 Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (Acth), Corticotropin 522 Calcium Salts and Regulators 526 Vitamin D 530 Contents xxiii Calcitonin 534 Bisphosphonates 536 Composition, Actions Dosage Route Indications Contraindications, Drugs Interactions, Side Effects, Adverse, Effects, Adverse Effects, Toxicity and Role of Nurse 12. Introduction to Drugs used in Alternative Systems of Medicine 540 Introduction 540 Ayurveda 540 Siddha System 542 Homeopathy 544 Unani System 545 Yoga 546 Naturopathy 547 Department of Ayush under the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare 547 Volume 2: PATHOLOGY and GENETICS Division A: Pathology Section 1: General Pathology 13. Introduction to Pathology 555 Introduction 555 Definition of Pathology 555 Basic Terminologies in Pathology 555 Subdivisions of Pathology 556 Importance of Pathology in the Nursing Curriculum 557 14. Methods and Techniques in Pathology 560 Histopathology (Surgical Pathology) 560 Autopsy Pathology 563 Microscopy 563 Immunofluorescence 565 Immunohistochemistry 565 Cytogenetics 565 Molecular Pathology 566 Flow Cytometry 566 xxiv Textbook of Pharmacology, Pathology and Genetics for Nurses 15. Cellular and tissue Changes 567 Introduction 567 Cellular Adaptation 568 16. Cell injury, Cell Dealth, Regeneration and Healing 573 Cell Injury 573 I. Autolysis 576 II. Necrosis 576 Gangrene 579 Pathological Calcification 580 Intracellular Accumulations/Infiltration 580 17. Inflammation 583 Introduction 583 Acute Inflammation 583 Chronic Inflammation 587 18. Regeneration and wound healing 590 Regeneration 590 Wound Healing 591 19. Infectious diseases 595 Introduction 595 Techniques for Diagnosing Infectious Agents 595 Routes of Infection 596 Categories of Common Infectious Agents 596 20. Cellular Growth and Neoplasm 599 Introduction 599 Neoplasms 599 Carcinoma In Situ 599 Nomenclature 600 Characteristics of Benign and Malignant Tumors 600 Normal Cells and Cancer Cells 602 Metastasis 602 Contents xxv Factors Predisposing to Development of Neoplasia 603 Carcinogenic Agents 604 Signs and Symptoms of Neoplasms 605 Laboratory Diagnosis 606 21. Fluid and electrolyte disturbance 608 Homeostasis 608 Disturbances in Fluid Balance 609 Disturbances in Electrolyte Balance 611 Abnormalities in PH of Blood 612 22. Disorders of immune System 614 Introduction 614 Types of Immunity 614 Components of Immune Response 614 Disorders of Immune System 614 Hypersensitivity Reactions 615 Autoimmune Diseases 616 Immunodeficiency Disorders 616 Section 2: Systemic Pathology 23. Respiratory system 618 Tuberculosis 618 Pleural Effusion 620 Pneumonia 623 Lung Abscess 627 Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease 629 Tumors of Lungs 636 24. Cardiovascular system 640 Pericardial Effusion 640 Rheumatic Heart Disease 641 Endocarditis 644 Atherosclerosis 646 Infarction 650 Aneurysm 651 xxvi Textbook of Pharmacology, Pathology and Genetics for Nurses 25. Gastrointestinal System 657 Peptic Ulcer Disease 657 Typhoid Fever or Enteric Fever 660 Carcinoma of Gastrointestinal Tract 662 Buccal Carcinoma 662 Esophageal Carcinoma 663 Tumors of Stomach 665 Tumors of Small and Large Intestine 669 26. Liver, Gallbladder and Pancreas 676 Hepatitis 676 Chronic Liver Abscess 680 Cirrhosis 681 Tumors of Liver 686 Carcinoma of Gallbladder 688 Tumors of Pancreas 689 Cholecystitis 690 27. Kidney and urinary system 694 Glomerulonephritis 694 Secondary Glomerular Disease 699 Pyelonephritis 701 Urinary Calculi 704 Renal Failure 706 Tumors of Kidney 708 Cystitis 711 28. Male reproductive system 715 Cryptorchidism 715 Testicular Atrophy 717 Prostatic Hyperplasia 717 Carcinoma of Penis 720 Carcinoma of Prostate 721 29. Female reproductive system 723 Fibroids (Uterine Leiomyomas) 723 Contents xxvii Carcinoma Cervix Endometrial Cancer Vesicular Mole (Hydatidiform Mole) Choriocarcinoma Ectopic Gestation Ovarian Cysts Ovarian Cancer Breast Cancer 30. Central Nervous system Hydrocephalus Meningitis Encephalitis Thrombosis Embolism Stroke Paraplagia Quadriplegia Cns Tumors Metastatic Tumors 31. Skeletal system Bones Osteoporosis Osteomyelitis Osteoarthritis Bone Tumors Section 3: Clinical Pathology 32. Blood and bone marrow tests Blood Tests Hemoglobin Blood Cell Counts Hemogram Bleeding Time, Clotting Time and Prothrombin Time xxviii Textbook of Pharmacology, Pathology and Genetics for Nurses Blood Grouping and Crossmatching Blood Biochemistry Blood Gases Disturbance in Acid-Base Balance Blood Culture Bone Marrow Examination Serological and Immunological Tests and Other Blood Tests Specimen Collection for Laboratory Analysis 33. Body cavity fluids, transudates and exudates tests Cerebrospinal Fluid Analysis Examination of Sputum Analysis of Gastric Constituents Analysis of Duodenal Contents Analysis of Peritoneal Fluid Analysis of Pericardial Fluid Analysis of Semen Transudates and Exudates 34. Urine and Feces Analysis Urine Examination Fecal Examination Division B: Genetics 35. Introduction to Genetics Introduction Concept of Genetics Basic Genetic Terms Practical Applications of Genetics in Nursing Impact of Genetic Conditions on Families Review of Cellular Division Genes Protein Biosynthesis Genetic Code Naming Genes Contents xxix Chromosome Chromosomal Aberrations Chromosomal Mutation Mechanism of Inheritance Laws of Inheritance Autosomal Dominant Autosomal Recessive Sex-Linked Inheritance Codominant Pattern of Inheretance Mitochondrial Pattern of Inheritance Multifactororial Pattern of Inheritance Facts About Transmission of Genetic Disorders Multiple Allots and Blood Groups Gene Mutation (Errors of Transmission) Reduced Penetrance and Variable Expressivity Anticipation 36. Emerging Paradigm of Genetics in Nursing Ntroduction Genetic Nursing Practice Milestones Roles of Nurses in Genetics 891 Importance of Genetics in Nursing Curriculum Barriers and Approaches for Implementation of Genetics in Nursing Assumptions Regarding Genetics and Health Care in Future 37. Maternal and Prenatal Genetics Introduction Genetics and Infection Consanguinity Atopy Prenatal Nutrition and Food Allergies Role of Prenatal Nutrition in Prevention of Genetic Disorders Maternal Age Maternal Drug Therapy Effects of Radiation, Drugs and Chemicals Prenatal Testing and Diagnosis Non-Invasive Tests Invasive Tests xxx Textbook of Pharmacology, Pathology and Genetics for Nurses Preimplantation Prenatal Diagnosis Infertility Spontaneous Abortions Neural Tube Defects (Ntd) Down Syndrome 38. Neonatal and Children Testing or Screening Introduction Meaning and Purpose Newborn Screening Genetic Testing and Screening in Children Congenital Abnormalities Developmental Delay Dysmorphism Role of Nurses in Genetic Testing for Neonates and Children 39. Genetic Conditions of Adolescents and Adults Genetic Statistics Naming Genetic Conditions Common Genetic Conditions Discussed in Chapter Cancer Genetics: Familial Cancer Inborn Errors of Metabolism Phenylketonuria Maple Syrup Urine Disease Gaucher’ Disease Blood Group Alleles and Hematological Disorders Genetic Hemochromatosis Huntington’s Disease Mental Illness Therapeutic Approaches for Genetic Disorders Nursing Management in Genetic Disorders 40. Services Related to Genetics Introduction Genetic Testing Human Genome Project Contents xxxi The Genomic Era Gene Therapy Eugenic Movement Genetic Counseling Pharmacogenomics Glossary Terms Related to Pathology Terms Related to Genetics Index